Apr 23, 2019 ... Step 1: Free Wood Floor Consultation · Step 2: Room Preparation · Step 3: Hardwood Floor Installation · Step 4: Staining and Finishing Your&nb...See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Richmond, VA - January 2024 - Yelp - Andy Le Hardwood Floors, Flooring RVA, Jeter's Carpet & Flooring, Costen Floors, Darren Simmons, Five Stars Flooring, American Floors, Colonial Floors of Va, Echo Flooring, Floor Coverings International Midlothian.See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Oakland, CA - February 2024 - Yelp - Swirsding's Floor Service, Pablo's Hardwood Floors, Mugi's Hardwood Floors, Marco Ramirez Hardwood Floor, Frick Flooring And Installation, Number One Hardwood Floors, Hardwood Flooring Experts, HD Flooring, Alva …Bamboo Flooring. Bamboo flooring can be found as a solid hardwood or as an engineered floor. Bamboo is three times denser than hardwood, making it an incredibly durable choice. Bamboo flooring is …Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Philadelphia, PA - February 2024 - Yelp - AC&T Hardwood Floors, Irish Pride Hardwood Floors, Hudson Hardwood Floors, K&G Hardwood Flooring, T&A Wood Floors, Beauty Walls and Floor, Philadelphia Flooring Solutions, Wood Flooring Masters, Carlos Carpet & Flooring, DeMayo Tile Reach us at (857) 523-2699, send us an email at [email protected], or simply fill out the form and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.Wood Flooring Refinishing, baseboards molding, Wood Flooring Repair , and 1 more. 100% recommended. free estimates. screened. " Great customer service quality work ". Alejandra Z. in November 2022. Get a Quote. 5.0 ( 18 Verified Ratings) Los Angeles, CA ·. spend the time: be insanely anal retentive. Use your tape measure (and laser) and lay out additional guidelines every couple of feet across the whole room.Wellesley: 781-239-3206. David J. Galvin Flooring provides quality wood installation, Luxury Vinyl Plank, and refinishing services for New England home owners and contractors since 1984.See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Queens, NY - February 2024 - Yelp - NYC Floor Pro, Wood Vitalize, Exquisite Flooring, ABC Flooring, Juncal's Flooring Corp, Barry Flooring, IFloorNY Hardwood Flooring, Wood Flooring Masters, Hardwood Floors By Jorge Rosas, Floors By Jay.4 days ago · Learn how to transform your home with a hardwood flooring installation with The Home Depot Home Services! Share: categories. Currently loaded videos are 1 through 15 of 37 total videos. 1-15 of 37. First page loaded, no previous page available. Load Next Page. 1:14. Laminate Flooring InstallationAug 8, 2023 · Expensive. For some of the best quality and widest range of woods, Hearne has to be at the top of the list. They carry over 100 species of hardwood in stock and can source many more for custom projects. Many of their pieces are used to make a statement in the home, whether as flooring or in furniture.We have over 30 years of experience in custom hardwood floor installation and finishing services. Our Service Area. Contact Us. Alabama Hardwood Installation Inc. 306 Bird Spring Rd SW. Hartselle, AL 35640. [email protected]. 256-350-7843. Contact Us.Feb 1, 2024 · Los Angeles hardwood floor refinishing and installation specialists. CALL US to schedule a free consultation and estimate (323)-498-5639.Know what hardwood installation options are available. Recommended installation methods can differ from product to product. Solid hardwood must be nailed, stapled or glued down. Engineered wood can often be floated, meaning the planks connect to each other instead of the subfloor. Floating hardwood installation is much more DIY-friendly. Oklahoma City, OK 73114. Kingston Flooring LLC. 5.0 10 Reviews. Kingston Flooring provides all the best names in carpet, tile, hardwood, marble, stone, laminate and vinyl floorin... Send Message. 100 N Rockwell Suite 76, …Always Improve Flooring, Inc. Tile - Install, Laminate Flooring - Install, Hardwood Flooring - Install. best of homeadvisor. 96% recommended. screened. " There where three of them that came out to replace molding strip in front of my front door and did a better job then the original installers! ". Dan S. in May 2019.May 17, 2020 · 770-906-4732. At Atlanta hardwood floor services we offer Hardwood Floor Installation and Sanding Services to Atlanta, Alpharetta, Roswell, and Cumming, Georgia. Are you looking to install new hardwood floors, Laminate, LVP, Tile?In this video, I will show you a hardwood floor installation. I will show you how to install hardwood floor that beginners will find very helpful. This is a ... Know what hardwood installation options are available. Recommended installation methods can differ from product to product. Solid hardwood must be nailed, stapled or glued down. Engineered wood can often be floated, meaning the planks connect to each other instead of the subfloor. Floating hardwood installation is much more DIY-friendly. Jul 25, 2022 · Face nail the final two rows on the tongue side. Drill 1/32-inch diameter pilot holes ½-inch from the edge. Cut the length of the boards to fit the final row and leave a ¾-inch gap for expansion ... Dream Flooring is your trusted partner for all your hardwood flooring needs in Denver Metropolitan Area. Call us now! 303.330.0575. Hardwood Floor Refinishing and Installation Services in Denver Metropolitan Area and Boulder County. Welcome to Art Flooring Agency Dream Flooring, Your Flooring and Tile Experts! Call Now for Free …AB Floors & Restoration specializes in hardwood flooring installation and restoration for residential customers in Central Florida. We also serve commercial customers with carpet, tile and laminate flooring projects. If you’re staring at a water-damaged hardwood floor or a wood floor that’s buckling, you just want to get it fixed!If you’re considering a floor change as part of a home remodel or refresh but are reluctant to make the switch to a hardwood floor, it doesn’t hurt to reconsider. Installing hardwo...10263 FREE SPIRIT ST, Las Vegas, NV, NV 89183. AAA Tile and Stone. 5.0 42 Reviews. Las Vegas Showroom for Tile, Countertops, Carpet, Flooring & Cabinetry. After Wilson and his company did such an outstanding job on our …Most homeowners spend around $2,500 – $7,500 to install hardwood flooring in an average living room of 340 square feet. Installing hardwood in the whole …Our comprehensive hardwood Floor installation service ensures that no detail gets overlooked. We determine the moisture levels of the subfloor, we making sure that the right underlayment is installed, wood is properly acclimated and Floor installation is done to your complete satisfaction ! Quality is our #1 priority Contact Great Hardwood ...Feb 1, 2024 · Engineered hardwood flooring is designed for installation over concrete and to help mitigate potential moisture issues. The cross-layer construction prevents the floor from expanding as much as a 3/4-inch or 5/16-inch solid floor when exposed to moisture. Feb 9, 2024 · H ardwood floor installation costs $4,727 on average. This cost normally ranges from $2,477 to $7,033, or between $6 and $25 per square foot for both labor and material.You might pay up to $12,000 or more for high-end woods or large jobs.Your total cost will depend mainly on the room size and the type of wood you choose. Adding …Oklahoma City, OK 73114. Kingston Flooring LLC. 5.0 10 Reviews. Kingston Flooring provides all the best names in carpet, tile, hardwood, marble, stone, laminate and vinyl floorin... Send Message. 100 N Rockwell Suite 76, …NYC Hardwood Floor Installation & Floor Refinishing The addition of quality hardwood floors to your home decor can instantly create an atmosphere of warmth, sophistication and style. Whether your home is a classic Brooklyn brownstone, an Upper East Side floor-through or a modern loft in a high rise, let the flooring perfectionists at New York ... Feb 1, 2024 · Engineered hardwood flooring is designed for installation over concrete and to help mitigate potential moisture issues. The cross-layer construction prevents the floor from expanding as much as a 3/4-inch or 5/16-inch solid floor when exposed to moisture. Feb 9, 2024 · H ardwood floor installation costs $4,727 on average. This cost normally ranges from $2,477 to $7,033, or between $6 and $25 per square foot for both labor and material.You might pay up to $12,000 or more for high-end woods or large jobs.Your total cost will depend mainly on the room size and the type of wood you choose. Adding …Luxury Vinyl Plank Flooring. "Luxury vinyl plank flooring is going to be really popular in 2024 because the durability is unmatched. With kids and pets, other flooring …At Textures Nashville, flooring is fashion. Don’t settle for second best in your design. Speak with one of our s... Send Message. 510 Merritt Ave, Nashville, TN 37203. Floorville Construction Services. 5.0 6 Reviews. Floorville Construction Services is the number one expert in floor installation and services.With the help of a professional tool rental and my tips you too can install like a pro! I will show you every trick in the book to get a perfect finish most ... Choosing the right direction to lay your flooring can greatly impact the overall look and feel of a room. Whether you are installing hardwood, laminate, or tile flooring, it is imp...The national average cost of installing hardwood floors is $3 to $13 per square foot for the flooring and $3 to $8 per square foot for labor, totaling $6 to $21 per square foot. Your total cost ...We understand that hardwood flooring is the most important aspect of any space, and we’re passionate about helping you create a truly amazing space with the right hardwood flooring and guidance. We provide a comprehensive range of services, including importing premium quality floors, expert installation, and ongoing maintenance.See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Oakland, CA - February 2024 - Yelp - Swirsding's Floor Service, Pablo's Hardwood Floors, Mugi's Hardwood Floors, Marco Ramirez Hardwood Floor, Frick Flooring And Installation, Number One Hardwood Floors, Hardwood Flooring Experts, HD Flooring, Alva …Wondering How to Install Hardwood Floors? Types of Hardwood Floors; How to Install Hardwood Floors in 9 Steps. 1. Gather Tools and Supplies; 2. Prepare the Subfloor; 3. Arrange the Planks; 4. …Sep 20, 2023 · Learn how to lay hardwood floor like a pro with tips and instructions for different installation methods: nail-down, interlocking, glue-down and staple-down. Find out which tools and materials you need, how to prepare the area, and how to finish the project. Jackson Floor Company, Inc. Install Hardwood Flooring, Install medallions on hardwood and different designs,border, Repair Hardwood Flooring , and 2 more. 100% recommended. 4 discounts. screened. View More. " Mr. Jackson replaced water-damaged wood flooring in the powder room and foyer, as well as refinished the flooring in the foyer, powder ... 4 days ago · Learn how to transform your home with a hardwood flooring installation with The Home Depot Home Services! CFB Construction Services, LLC. Masonry Block, Brick, Stone and Flat work Residential and Commercial, Framing and Trim carpentry, Hardwood laminates and Hardwood flooring, Window and Door sets, large or small projects., Handyman for Multiple jobs Residential and Commercial , and 5 more. 97% recommended. free estimates.See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Installation in Sacramento, CA - February 2024 - Yelp - The Flooring Station, Zothex Flooring, Cabinets, & More, Josh's Flooring, Hardwood Flooring Experts, Euro Flooring, Pro Floors, DC Floors, LJ Floors, Capital Valley Floors, Crestview Flooring.CDU Flooring/Carpet Designs Unlimited is a family owned full service flooring company specializing in hardwood, la... Send Message. 955 South Congress Avenue, Suite 103, Delray Beach, FL 33445. Showcase Wood Floors. 5.0 8 Reviews. Showcase Wood Floors is a family owned and operated business that was started in 1994.With Lowe’s hardwood flooring installation, you’ll get the benefit of professional independent installers, a labor warranty and Special Financing options. Our installers are licensed (where applicable), insured and background-checked. Labor is backed by a one-year warranty. Hardwood Floor Installation We ensure sustainable sources of hardwood and matching them with homes, businesses and other applications. We also work with intentions to minimize dust and noise, and keep you informed on our progress. With Atlanta Hardwood Flooring you can expect, ...Aug 31, 2023 · Getty Images. The cost to install hardwood floors ranges from $2,000 to $6,300, with a national average of $4,200. There’s something special about the warmth and beauty of hardwood floors that ...20 Hardwood Floor Installation projects completed with The Home Depot. Date: 11/9/2023 ; Project Cost: $2,090 ; Zip Code: 61108 ; City: Rockford ; Services: 0107 FURNITURE MOVING (UP TO 5 PIECES PER ROOM) (SF), 0172 REMOVE AND HAUL AWAY CARPET AND PAD (FOR HARD SURFACE INSTALLATION ONLY) (SF), 0148 …See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Oakland, CA - February 2024 - Yelp - Swirsding's Floor Service, Pablo's Hardwood Floors, Mugi's Hardwood Floors, Marco Ramirez Hardwood Floor, Frick Flooring And Installation, Number One Hardwood Floors, Hardwood Flooring Experts, HD Flooring, Alva …See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in New York, NY - February 2024 - Yelp - NYC Floor Pro, Wood Vitalize, IFloorNY Hardwood Flooring, ABC Flooring, Exquisite Flooring, Barry Flooring, Wood Flooring Masters, Verrazano Flooring Company, Pro Renew Flooring, Juncal's Flooring Corp. Hardwood Flooring Services The Best Local Flooring Company Near Chicago. At Unique Hardwood Flooring Chicago, we are proud to be a local flooring company in Chicago and Chicago land area.We specialize in hardwood floor installations, repairs, restorations, refinishing for solid, finished and unfinished floor type at a better cost. Our Chicago …See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Chicago, IL - February 2024 - Yelp - Unique Hardwood Flooring Chicago, JP Hardwood Flooring, 312 Flooring, Hardwood and Co Flooring, American Carpet Distributors, GB Hardwood Flooring, FLOORecki Floors And Stairs, Rovin's Hardwood Flooring, ADR Flooring, Ciprian ... See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Richmond, VA - January 2024 - Yelp - Andy Le Hardwood Floors, Flooring RVA, Jeter's Carpet & Flooring, Costen Floors, Darren Simmons, Five Stars Flooring, American Floors, Colonial Floors of Va, Echo Flooring, Floor Coverings International Midlothian.1. Choose the hardwood species and board widths for the room installation. 2. Measure the width and length of the room and multiply for the square footage. When ordering hardwood flooring, allow 10-15 percent extra for irregular boards and any cutting mistake. 3. Aug 31, 2023 · Getty Images. The cost to install hardwood floors ranges from $2,000 to $6,300, with a national average of $4,200. There’s something special about the warmth and beauty of hardwood floors that ...Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Philadelphia, PA - February 2024 - Yelp - AC&T Hardwood Floors, Irish Pride Hardwood Floors, Hudson Hardwood Floors, K&G Hardwood Flooring, T&A Wood Floors, Beauty Walls and Floor, Philadelphia Flooring Solutions, Wood Flooring Masters, Carlos Carpet & Flooring, DeMayo Tile Apr 20, 2017 ... Work from left to right when laying the floor planks across the room, with the tongue edges facing out. To accommodate expansion and contraction ...Jan 6, 2023 · Looking for affordable Chicago hardwood floor Installation, refinishing, sanding and repair services ? Our company is offering quality flooring services for less. Great Flooring Service is a professional Chicago Flooring Contractor that Provides top-quality residential and commercial wood and tile flooring solutions.Hardwood floors add elegance and warmth to any home, but they also require regular maintenance to keep them looking their best. Cleaning hardwood floors may seem like a simple task...4353 Tilly Mill Rd., STE 100, Atlanta, Georgia 30360, United States. Alpha Flooring & Renovations, Inc. 5.0 8 Reviews. A true high-quality flooring professional that specializes in Tile and Stone, repairs and remodeling. Pros: Versatile in design, durable, water-resistant, and easy to maintain. Cons: Not as visually appealing as natural materials, may emit VOCs in some cases. Find top-rated Colorado Springs, CO wood floor installation services for your home project on Houzz. Browse ratings, recommendations and verified customer reviews to discover the best ...4353 Tilly Mill Rd., STE 100, Atlanta, Georgia 30360, United States. Alpha Flooring & Renovations, Inc. 5.0 8 Reviews. A true high-quality flooring professional that specializes in Tile and Stone, repairs and remodeling. 3 days ago · Our expert team is equipped with state-of-the-art technology, delivering a comprehensive and highly effective deep cleaning service for your hardwood floors in Phoenix. Over time, stubborn stains can mar the beauty of hardwood floors, often proving challenging for regular cleaning methods. However, with our specialized approach, we …Diya Al Nujoom Al Khamsa. Wholesalers. Iraq. 1. 1 - 10. Alwabelalsafi for Imp & Exp. Manufacture of other products of wood.At Textures Nashville, flooring is fashion. Don’t settle for second best in your design. Speak with one of our s... Send Message. 510 Merritt Ave, Nashville, TN 37203. Floorville Construction Services. 5.0 6 Reviews. Floorville Construction Services is the number one expert in floor installation and services.Hardwood flooring is known for its durability and longevity. It’s available in a wide range of colors and textures. Keep reading to learn more about the benefits of hardwood floori...Reach us at (857) 523-2699, send us an email at [email protected], or simply fill out the form and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.Welcome to Fairhaven Floors. Welcome to Fairhaven Floors! We are a family-owned business providing industry-leading excellence in flooring installation, refinishing, and repair. Our craftsmen are flooring specialists with 11 to 32 years of experience each, and they’re dedicated to providing you with the best service and quality available.Oct 30, 2023 · On average, installing hardwoods costs between $6 and $12 per square foot. However, that price can jump to $13 to $25 if the space is very large, like an entire floor of the home. Installation for ... Welcome to Fairhaven Floors. Welcome to Fairhaven Floors! We are a family-owned business providing industry-leading excellence in flooring installation, refinishing, and repair. Our craftsmen are flooring specialists with 11 to 32 years of experience each, and they’re dedicated to providing you with the best service and quality available.The smallest missteps can lead to noticeable defects that impact your floor's appearance and soundness. For example, your first row of planks should be the ...Darrick Hill Construction Services. Doors, Painting, Deck/ Fences , and 7 more. 100% recommended. free estimates. screened. " Darrick and Harry did a great job of installing a replacement window on the second floor. Chuck B. in October 2021. Get a Quote.Begin the first row of flooring by placing the planks with the tongue side facing the wall. Install the second plank next to the first by aligning the tongue into the groove and press the plank down to snap it in place. When you come to the end of the first row, cut the length of plank needed to complete the row.CFB Construction Services, LLC. Masonry Block, Brick, Stone and Flat work Residential and Commercial, Framing and Trim carpentry, Hardwood laminates and Hardwood flooring, Window and Door sets, large or small projects., Handyman for Multiple jobs Residential and Commercial , and 5 more. 97% recommended. free estimates.Hardwood flooring installation is a big project, but you can install solid hardwood floors yourself to save money with this step-by-step video. Find more detailed instructions here:...See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Oakland, CA - February 2024 - Yelp - Swirsding's Floor Service, Pablo's Hardwood Floors, Mugi's Hardwood Floors, Marco Ramirez Hardwood Floor, Frick Flooring And Installation, Number One Hardwood Floors, Hardwood Flooring Experts, HD Flooring, Alva …See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Richmond, VA - January 2024 - Yelp - Andy Le Hardwood Floors, Flooring RVA, Jeter's Carpet & Flooring, Costen Floors, Darren Simmons, Five Stars Flooring, American Floors, Colonial Floors of Va, Echo Flooring, Floor Coverings International Midlothian.If you’ve got a concrete floor in need of an overhaul, installing epoxy flooring onto the concrete surface can be an ideal way to give it a new life. The good news is that this coa...Feb 19, 2021 ... Can you? Sure, assuming you have a level subfloor to install it on. Should you? In most cases, it's probably fine. Where you might want to avoid ...THE RI AND MA TRUSTED SOURCE FOR FLOORING. ACE Wood Flooring was established in Rhode Island in 1967. We professionally install, stain, finish, and repair floors throughout Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts. Our reputation says everything about how we treat our customers and the quality of our wood flooring …We are a locally owned and operated family run business, with owners personally on every job. Imperial Wood Floors has installed and refinished wood floors for hundreds of satisfied customers in the Madison area, as well as in Sun Prairie, Middleton, Monona, Verona, Waunakee, Mt Horeb and all of the greater south central WI areas.Begin the first row of flooring by placing the planks with the tongue side facing the wall. Install the second plank next to the first by aligning the tongue into the groove and press the plank down to snap it in place. When you come to the end of the first row, cut the length of plank needed to complete the row.See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Floor Installation in Bakersfield, CA - February 2024 - Yelp - Edwin's Hardwood Floors, Mario’s Flooring Solution, SQ Flooring, Carpet Outlet Plus, Quality Floor Covering, Hardwood Floor Company, Anaya Floor Covering, Faith Family Flooring, Flooring Liquidators, …Flooring Installation. 1 – 15 of 133 professionals. HR carpets & painting LLC. 5.0 3 Reviews. Pay Online. Responds Quickly. Free estimate. Unparalleled Design & Dedicated to Quality | Mecklenburg County, NC. I have been working with a few different people and his service is the highest level.
Learn how to install hardwood flooring on your own with three basic methods: nail-down, glue-down and click-lock. Find tips, tools and techniques for each method, as well as tips for choosing the right subfloor, installing over a subfloor and acclimating the flooring. . Joyful joyful lyrics
Hardwood and Vinyl Samples . If you're planning a hardwood floor installation, shop for samples to get an idea of what wood finish will coordinate best with your existing style. If you have a large family or just live in a busy foot-traffic home, you might consider water-resistant vinyl flooring installation instead. Flooring Ideas and Resources Learn 3 DIY methods for how to install engineered hardwood flooring: floating method, gluing method, and staple down method.Difficulty Level: Moderate. If yo...When you need professional hardwood flooring installation and services in Southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island for your home or business, you can count on M.S. Hardwood Floors. Take advantage of our many years of training and experience with the best quality materials and latest techniques in hardwood flooring installation, restoration ... A major difference on how we install flooring is that... Send Message. 4807 Delhi Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45238. Monster Cote. 5.0 1 Review. We are industry experts in epoxy flooring & concrete polishing for the Greater Cincinnati & Indiana market... Send Message. Cincinnati, OH 45102. DCH Flooring LLC. When learning how to install vinyl plank flooring with a glue down method, remember to start in the center of the room, rather than in the corners. Find the center of the room, then using your chalk and straightedge, strike a line. Strike a second line at a right angle from the first line, dividing your room into four equal quadrants.No. 1 common flooring costs between $6 and $11 per square foot installed. “No. 2 common” flooring is more rustic than the “No. 1 common” grading and costs …Hardwood Floor Installation Package — $11.50 per sqft. Includes wood (red or white oak), installation and refinishing. Welcome to Heavenly Hardwood Floors, a company dedicated to the beauty of your Hardwood Floors! Whether you’re in the market for Hardwood Floor Refinishing, a new Hardwood Floor Installation, or a Hardwood Floor Buff & Coat ...See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Hardwood Installation in Sacramento, CA - February 2024 - Yelp - The Flooring Station, Zothex Flooring, Cabinets, & More, Josh's Flooring, Hardwood Flooring Experts, Euro Flooring, Pro Floors, DC Floors, LJ Floors, Capital Valley Floors, Crestview Flooring.If you’ve got a concrete floor in need of an overhaul, installing epoxy flooring onto the concrete surface can be an ideal way to give it a new life. The good news is that this coa...Your hardwood floor is an investment that you’ll want to take care of. So, through the years, you’ll need to perform tasks to keep it shining. Use these best floor cleaning strateg...Hardwood flooring can also be repaired and refinished unlike other flooring types. Installation prices vary depending on the type of wood you choose. Depending upon your selections, the total cost for hardwood floor installation, including labor and materials, can average up to $4 to $6 per square foot. Keep reading to learn more about hardwood ... Sep 17, 2014 · Hardwood flooring installation is a big project, but you can install solid hardwood floors yourself to save money with this step-by-step video. Find more det... The national average cost of installing hardwood floors is $3 to $13 per square foot for the flooring and $3 to $8 per square foot for labor, totaling $6 to $21 per square foot. Your total cost ...Visit our showroom in Gaithersburg, MD, to see what Atlas Floors can do for your hardwood flooring project. Schedule an appointment for a one-on-one consultation with our experienced flooring sales professionals! Schedule an Appointment. From installation to refinishing, we do it all. Our team has been installing floors since 1983 - and offer ....